The C.O.P.E. typology of coping with stressors at sea among Filipino merchant marine ratings: A Q methodology study

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> The seafarers' poor mental health has been associated with significant morbidity, inefficiency, and accidents on board. Mental and physical health is largely dependent on the way seafarers handle stressors.<br />Anchored on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, this study aimed to identify the typology of Filipino merchant marine ratings according to their coping strategies to stressors on board vessels.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods:</strong> Thirty-seven (37) Filipino merchant marine ratings participated in this study. They were chosen by purposive sampling. They rank-ordered 25 opinion statements on various stressors and coping mechanisms. The rank-ordered sorts were subjected to by-person factor analysis with Varimax rotation using the PQ Method version 2.32. The resulting factors were interpreted using the inductive approach, aided by the interview done after Q sorting.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results:</strong> Four factors were generated: solution-focused seafarers, stressor-focused seafarers, self-management- focused seafarers, and the social milieu-focused seafarers. There is a consensus on the supplication-focused seafarers who ask for God's help in times of stress.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The generated typology provides a better understanding of seafarers' outlook on stress and coping and may help the stakeholders craft individualized strategies to help improve their coping mechanisms and overall mental health. Occupational health research must continue to focus on understanding the role of culture and adaptation on stress and coping behaviors to retain quality seafarers and promote a healthier workplace.</p>

Experience of Maintaining Employment for Mentally Disabled People: Q Methodological Approach / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of the experience of maintaining employment for people with mental disabilities. METHODS: The research design was a descriptive design using Q-methodology, which is a method of measuring subjectivity. Twenty-one participants classified 34 selected Q-statements on a nine-point scale to create a normal distribution. The PC-QUANL software program(a factor analysis program for the Q technique) was used to analyze the Q-sort data. RESULTS: Three types were extracted that described different expressions of the experience of maintaining employment for people with mental disabilities; these types explained 52.3% of the total variance. Type I is ‘Workplace support’, Type II is ‘Self-management’, Type III is ‘Experience integration’. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide an understanding that there are different types of experiences for maintaining employment for people with mental disabilities and each type has certain characteristics. In future studies, it would be helpful to develop customized nursing interventions for psychiatric nurses while occupational rehabilitation services are being provided.

Cognition of clinical tutors by undergraduate nursing students based on Q-methodology / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To systematically explore students'perception of roles of clinical tutors and to identify different types of perception, so as to provide suggestions to promote the implementation of clinical tutorial system. Methods The study used Q-methodology, which was a combination of qualitative and quantitative research method. Through semi-structured interviews with 13 students, a Q discussion of 48 entries was formed. Forty undergraduate students majored in nursing who had participated in clinical tutorial system at least one year were asked to rank 48 statements according to their relative importance. Results Undergraduate nursing students′ cognition on the role of clinical tutors could be divided into four types. Type 1 "Lighthouse", types 2 "alienation", type 3 "help", type 4"experience type". There were differences and similarities between these types. They were in favor of clinical instructors in their professional specialty, also believed that the relationship between how to coordinate with the doctor,a clinical instructor did not give guidance. Conclusions There are four types of the cognition on clinical tutor role. The students generally accepted the role of clinical tutors. The degree of cognition are different.

Perceptions of Medical Personnel toward Burnout using Q Methodology / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This exploratory study was done to categorize medical personnel's perceptions of burnout and analyzed the characteristics. METHODS: Q methodology was applied using a 45 Q-sample categorized on an 11-point scale which was completed by nurses and doctors working at a university hospital in Seoul, Korea. Collected data were analyzed using the PC-QUANL program. RESULTS: Medical personnel's perceptions of burnout were categorized into three types; 33.83% of the total variance was explained. The first type was 'functionally deteriorating pressure' the second type was 'daily powerlessness' and the third was 'achievement-oriented re-energization'. CONCLUSION: There is a need to establish and apply intervention strategies for each type to alleviate medical personnel burnout and increase work efficiency to qualitatively improve medical services.

Female Adolescents' Sexual Assertiveness Types: Q Methodology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the type of sexual assertiveness of female adolescents. METHODS: A Q methodology which provided a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each type was used. Thirty-three female high school students classified 40 selected Q statements into 9 points standard. The collected data was analyzed by using the PC-QUNAL program. RESULTS: Four types of sexual assertiveness manifested by female adolescents were identified: Type 1: Self-normative line-drawing type, Type 2: Pleasure-seeking negotiation type, Type 3: Passive relationship maintenance type, Type 4: future-oriented satisfaction-delay type. CONCLUSION: This study is meaningful because it provides empirical information necessary for the development of theories by verifying integrated attributes related to the female adolescents' sexual assertiveness. Results also induced the measuring tools and succeeding studies, and presented educational material for sex education that is tailored to the developmental level and characteristics of female adolescents.

Competência social, inclusão escolar e autismo: um estudo de caso comparativo / Social competence, school inclusion and autism: a comparative case study

A presente pesquisa analisou o perfil de competência social (CS) de uma criança pré-escolar com autismo, na escola comum comparado a uma criança com desenvolvimento típico e investigou a influência do ambiente escolar (sala de aula ou pátio) no perfil de CS de ambas. As interações sociais com seus pares foram filmadas, na escola, e a codificação dos vídeos foi realizada por um avaliador independente. Utilizou-se como instrumento a versão adaptada da Escala Q-sort de CS. Os resultados demonstraram que enquanto o perfil de competência social da criança com desenvolvimento típico pouco variou entre os contextos, a criança com autismo demonstrou maior frequência de comportamentos de cooperação e asserção social e menor frequência de agressão e desorganização do self, no pátio.

The aim of this study was to investigate the social competence ((SC) profile) of a child with autism in a regular in school, comparing it with a typically developing child and to investigate the influence of the school context (classroom or playground) on their SC profile. The social interactions with their peers were recorded at school and an independent judge coded the videos. The adapted version of the Q-Sort SC scale was used. The results demonstrated that while the SC profile of the typically developing child practically did not vary between contexts, the child with autism demonstrated a higher frequency of cooperation and social assertion behavior and a lower frequency of aggression and disorganization of the self in the playground.

Preferences in Mental Health Services for Persons with Mental Illnesses: Q-Methodological Approach / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify preferences of persons with mental illnesses for mental health services. METHODS: Q-methodology, an approach designed to discover patterns in various subjective experiences, was used. Twenty-six participants classified 36 selected Q-statements on a nine-point scale to create a normal distribution. The collected data were analyzed using the PC Quanl program. RESULTS: Four types of preference in mental health services for persons with mental illnesses were identified by the participants: Type I Interaction preference type, Type II Patient right seeking type, Type III Clinical environment preference type, Type IV Treatment outcome seeking type. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide an understanding that different types of preference for mental health services exist and each type has certain characteristics, which suggest a need to develop practical mental health practice nursing standards designed for each type of preference for mental health services.

The types of Korea nurses perception of whistle-blowing: Q-methodology / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore and classify the subjective opinions of nurses on whistle- blowing, and identify the subjective characteristics of each type. Methods This study applied Q -methodology, protocols which could determinate subjective opinions of nurses on histle-blowing were set up and underwent interview investigation, data of the interviews went through Q-factor analysis. Results Most nurses had a positive attitude toward whistle - blowing because it could prevent any nursing activity not based on expertise and professional ethics from causing disadvantages for patients. At the same time, however, they requested the creation of a legal framework in which whistle-blowing was done in a way to increase trust among colleagues. Meanwhile, some nurses showed resistance to whistle - blowing. Conclusions Whether whistle - blowing can reach its aims depends on nurses' attitude toward it. Most Korean nurses support whistle-blowing. Nursing activity not based on expertise and professional ethics and causing disadvantages for patients can be avoided if a legal framework is established for whistle-blowing.

An Explorative Study on the Health Behavior of Middle-Aged Women in the Middle East Area Using the Q-Methodological Approach

The purpose of the study is to understand the types and the features of the health behavior of middle-aged women in the Middle East using Q-methodology. A survey was carried out during the period from the 1st of October to the 30th of December, 2006. Data for thirty five (35) women out of forty-nine (49) were analyzed through Principal Component Analysis and WRAP (Weighted Rotational Analytical Procedure). Analysis results showed that the group was divided into four types: Type I is health management; Type II is social activity; Type III is exercise orientation; and Type IV is religious dependency. Types I, II, and III were in a positive correlation with one another, and Type IV was not correlated with the other types. Subjective perception on the health behavior of middle-aged women in the Middle East (Jordan) was investigated and compared with middle-aged Korean women. The results of this study may provide more effective ways to improve the condition of health management and to promote the quality of life.

A Study of the Subjectivity of Quality of Life in Elderly Women / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study were to categorize the subjectivity of the quality of life in elderly women and to thereby understand the differences regarding quality of life desires. METHODS: This study used a Q-methodology to measure the quality of life in elderly women. A Q sample was collected from in-depth and objective interviews and WHOQLO. Fourteen participants rated 28 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1-7. The collected data was analyzed using PC Quanl. RESULTS: The principal component analysis identified 4 factors regarding the quality of life of elderly women. These categories were labeled 'hopelessness-oriented', 'relationship/adaptation-oriented', 'physical suffering-oriented', and 'self satisfaction-orientated'. CONCLUSION: Some of the factors regarding the quality of life of elderly women were determined through this research. Further research is necessary to set up and apply different the quality of life between men and women based on this result. The results of this study indicate that different approaches toward quality of life promotion programs are recommended based on the four factors of quality of life among elderly women.

Subjectivity of Korean Nursing Students' Experiences of Geriatric Hospital Practices / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study elicited Korean students' experiences of nursing practice at geriatric hospitals. METHOD: A purposive sample of 26 Korean nursing students was recruited from K College of Nursing located in Daegu, Korea. Inclusion criteria were nursing students who: 1) finished nursing practice at geriatric hospitals, 2) were oriented and communicable, and 3) understood research purpose and agreed to participate in this study. Individuals were interviewed using Q-methodology. RESULTS: The majority of the participants had experience of living with the elderly and volunteering related to elder care. Data analysis showed that participants' experiences of nursing practices were consisted of three types: skill acquiring-oriented, relationship-oriented, and practice system-oriented. CONCLUSION: Nursing practices at geriatric hospitals provided opportunities of having positive attitude toward the elderly for nursing students. Nursing students' experiences were divided into at least three different types. Nursing educators need to develop curriculum for gerontological nursing practice tailoring to theses differences.

Attitudes of Elderly Koreans toward Suicide: a Q-Methodological Approach / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of suicide attitudes among the Korean elderly. METHOD: The Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty-four selected Q-statements from 38 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distributionusing a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULT: Three types of suicide attitudes for research subjects in Korean elderly were identified. Type I is understanding suicide-self conquest and labor type, Type II is opposing suicide-family band foundation type, and Type III is sympathizing with suicide-painful situation escaping type. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that different approaches of suicide prevention programs are recommended based on the three types of suicide attitudes among Korean elderly.

Types of Students' Death Attitudes Majoring in Human Service Area: Q-Methodological Approach / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze death attitudes of students majoring in the human service area, such as nursing science, education, and social welfare. METHOD: The Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. The 38 selected Q-statements from each of 42 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULT: Four types of death attitudes for research subjects in nursing, education, and social welfare areas were identified. Type I is fatalistic admission, Type II is pursuit of existential life, Type III is uncertainty of life after death, and Type IV is separation-connection between life and death. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that different approaches of death educational programs are recommended based on the four types of death attitudes.

Contents Related to End-of Life Care in Nursing Curriculum: Q Methodological Approach / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the subjectivity of contents related to death as a nursing curriculum subject for nurses and students. METHOD: The Q-methodology which provides a method for analyzing the subjectivity of each items was used. The 34 selected Q-statements sorted by each of the 36 participants were classified into a normal distribution by using a 9 point scale. The collected data were analyzed using the QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Four types of content related to death nursing curriculum were identified. Type I is the psychologically sympathetic type, Type II is the clinical based experience type, Type III is the physically comfort seeking type, and Type IV is the human-understanding oriented type. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that different approaches to education are needed to address the four types of content related to death as a nursing curriculum subject. Both contents and characteristics need to be considered.

A Study on the Type of Role Awareness for Medical Institutions Home Health Care Specialists: A Q-Methodological Approach

PURPOSE: This study is to identify the types of role awareness of home health care specialists working at medical institutions, to understand their role awareness correctly by grasping the quality of each type, and to provide useful help in the education of home health care specialists. METHOD: Q-methodology is used to objectify role awareness of medical institution specialists who may recognize situations differently according to their individual experience and comprehension based on the view of behavior. Q-classification was carried out on 30 home health care specialists working at medical institutions using 30 selected questions. Collected data were examined through factor analysis using QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three different types of role awareness of home health care specialists working at medical institutions were identified. Type I is "educational-function-centered", Type II "patient-centered" and Type III "professional-service-centered". CONCLUSION: Regardless of these types, home health care specialists commonly had a high pride as a specialist and a sense of mission regarding themselves as important persons responsible for patients' health.

A Study on the Subjectivity of the Meaning of Life for Middle-Aged Women / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the meaning of the life of middle-aged women. METHOD: The research method employed Q-methodology. Thirty-one participants rated 30 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1~7. The collected data were analyzed using PC-QUNAL software. RESULT: Principal component analysis identified 4 types of the meaning of the life of middle-aged women. The categories were labeled 'May I help you?', 'Alone', 'Who am I ?', 'No regret'. CONCLUSION: We have found meaning of life of middle-aged women through this research. The study result could be data to perform effective nursing intervention for positive life of middle-aged women.

General Perception about the Life of Institutionalized Elderly / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aims to explore general perception types about the life of institutionalized elderly and thus to provide the basic data for nursing intervention for them. METHOD: This study used a Q methodology. A Q sample was developed through a review of related literature and descriptions of ordinary people about the life of institutionalized elderly. Thirty-eight statements made up the finalized Q sample. RESULTS: The results revealed three different types of the general people's perception about the life of institutionalized elderly. Type 1 is an optimistic group which expects modernized institutions. This group focuses on social relationships enjoying a variety of cultural life. Type 2 is a positive group which pursues independence. They are open-minded about the use of the institution and are not ashamed of the life in the institution. Type 3 is a conservative group which disapproves institutionalization. The members of this group strongly disapprove the institution itself and have negative views on institutionalization. These three types share certain common features while having distinctive characteristics showing individual views and traits about the life of the institutionalized elderly. CONCLUSION: This study will provide us the basic data to understand institutionalized elderly and to develop nursing intervention for them.

A Study on the Subjectivity of Change of Life in Middle Aged Men / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate change of life in middle-aged men. METHOD: The research method employed Q-methodology. twenty-five participants rated 39 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1~9. The collected data were analyzed using pc- QUNAL software. RESULT: Principal component analysis identified 3 types of change of life in middle-aged men. The categories were labeled 'Mature-oriented', 'Effeminate-oriented', 'Juvenescence-oriented'. CONCLUSION: We have found change of life in middle-aged men through this research. To setup and apply differences based on this result is needed.

A Study on the Subjectivity of Change of Life in Middle Aged Men / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate change of life in middle-aged men. METHOD: The research method employed Q-methodology. twenty-five participants rated 39 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1~9. The collected data were analyzed using pc- QUNAL software. RESULT: Principal component analysis identified 3 types of change of life in middle-aged men. The categories were labeled 'Mature-oriented', 'Effeminate-oriented', 'Juvenescence-oriented'. CONCLUSION: We have found change of life in middle-aged men through this research. To setup and apply differences based on this result is needed.